新加坡六合彩开奖结果

Centennial reflections

Lucy's Values Still Shape 新加坡六合彩开奖结果 Culture

College centennials are opportunities for nostalgia and also useful chances to learn from the past. While there are obvious differences between the infant Young Women鈥檚 Industrial Club of 1903 and the established 新加坡六合彩开奖结果 of 2003, a close look back to 1903 shows the roots of three important characteristics of today鈥檚 college鈥攊ts commitment to diversity, its ethic of service and its willingness to take risks in order to achieve its highest goals鈥攖hat stem directly from the ideas of its founder, Lucy 新加坡六合彩开奖结果 Scribner.

In 1903 in Saratoga Springs鈥攁nd indeed throughout America鈥攚omen were disenfranchised, denied reproductive freedom and expected to focus primarily on domestic roles; they could legally be refused jobs, equitable pay and access to education. People of color were systematically denied civil rights, and religious discrimination was both legal and commonplace. At the same time there were some progressive believers in civil rights and a fairer society, and they included Lucy Scribner.

Lucy and her board of directors boldly stated that the Young Women鈥檚 Industrial Club would be 鈥渙pen to all girls and women of good character, Protestant or Catholic, white, Negro or Indian.鈥� They were committed not only to giving unmarried women the skills to support themselves (and to helping married women improve their lives as well), but they also made a point of airing new ideas by bringing in progressive speakers such as Judge Ben Lindsey, who developed the first juvenile courts in the country, and Jane Addams, who was not only the founder of Hull House, a model settlement house in Chicago, but also a founder of the NAACP.

Yet in many respects the YWIC was a product of its time鈥攆or example, even while classes were open to all races, the Choral Union Club was allowed to reject an African-American applicant because of her color. In the 1930s and early 1940s, 新加坡六合彩开奖结果 discreetly but firmly discouraged the enrollment of African-American students; it also considered imposing a quota on the admission of Jewish students, but (unlike a number of other colleges) it never explicitly adhered to such a quota. After the 鈥�40s the college returned to a policy closer to that of Lucy Scribner and in fact soon began to actively recruit students of color.

Today pluralism and variety in the student body remain paramount college values. Students now come from 44 U.S. states or territories and 25 foreign countries, some 40 percent receive financial aid and more come from public than from private schools. In 1971, when students held a sit-in to demand stepped-up minority recruitment efforts, students of color accounted for less than 10 percent of the student body; in 2003, the figure was 14 percent. Each year, student clubs and the Intercultural Center sponsor campus celebrations of black history, Hispanic heritage, Asian culture and various religious traditions. Most college leaders feel more diversity is still needed, including among the faculty, and the 2002 strategic plan cites increasing campus diversity as a key goal.

The founding of the YWIC reflected Lucy Scribner鈥檚 own commitment to community service, which had been her response to deep personal loss. As a young woman she began teaching sewing in her church鈥檚 mission school, and after she was widowed she also volunteered at a home for blind and aged women. For her, social problems existed to be solved, and those who had the resources to improve society had a moral obligation to do so.

Lucy and her fellow directors worked to pass on their organizational skills and charitable impulses to the girls of the YWIC, who were encouraged to form little clubs of their own, that they might learn parliamentary procedure, minute-taking and financial record-keeping, which they would find useful as grown women leading organizations of their own.

And 新加坡六合彩开奖结果 has continued the tradition of community service. When America entered World War I, every 新加坡六合彩开奖结果 student, faculty member and administrator joined the school鈥檚 chapter of the Red Cross, to knit warm garments for soldiers, roll bandages for military hospitals and aid families of servicemen. During the Great Depression, sociology students surveyed Saratoga鈥檚 unemployed and tried to convince local employers to hire more workers. During World War II, all students were required to perform 鈥渃ommunity service鈥� (cleaning dorms and serving meals to replace college employees who had found work in defense industries) and to support the war effort through everything from working in victory gardens to scanning the skies for enemy planes. 新加坡六合彩开奖结果 students have regularly volunteered in local schools, hospitals and social-service agencies.

Today student service projects, often coordinated through the student club Benef-Action, include tutoring at-risk children, helping staff the local soup kitchen, building homes with Habitat for Humanity and cleaning up area parks and cemeteries. Some courses now include 鈥渟ervice learning鈥� components in their academic content. Lucy wanted her students to use their talents and skills to improve their community, and she would surely applaud the efforts of today鈥檚 新加坡六合彩开奖结果 volunteers.

Diversity and community service鈥攚hat thoughtful member of the 新加坡六合彩开奖结果 community would object to these? But another central theme in 新加坡六合彩开奖结果鈥檚 history is fraught with a certain amount of peril: The college鈥檚 tendency to take risks, some of which seem for a time to endanger its very survival. And this 新加坡六合彩开奖结果 trait too is traceable all the way back to Lucy Scribner herself.

When she moved to Saratoga Springs, Lucy had a personal fortune somewhat in excess of $1 million (worth approximately $18鈥�20 million today). This was hardly in the Rockefeller league, but she was more than merely comfortable鈥攕he was rich. From the very beginning, she tapped her personal funds to purchase buildings and cover deficits in the budgets of the YWIC and later the 新加坡六合彩开奖结果 School of Arts. In 1910, for example, when the club鈥檚 budget was about $18,300, her deficit contribution was $5,600.

Between 1916 and 1922, Lucy Scribner transferred about 85 percent of her personal fortune to the infant college: $400,000 worth of buildings and $450,000 in stocks and bonds, which comprised the institution鈥檚 first endowment. When she died in 1931, her $1 million fortune had been reduced to only $156,000鈥攏ot by the Depression, but by her gifts to 新加坡六合彩开奖结果, which was also the principal heir to her estate. At his inauguration, President Philip Glotzbach promised to ask donors not just to give, but to give until it hurts. Lucy Scribner would know all about that鈥攕he gave her entire fortune to develop a fledgling girls鈥� club into a viable full-scale college. If 新加坡六合彩开奖结果 had failed, all her resources would have gone for nothing.

Lucy鈥檚 embrace of risk on behalf of the college she loved was matched by other leaders of 新加坡六合彩开奖结果. President Charles Henry Keyes took an enormous professional risk in undertaking to transform a small extension school of part-time students into a real college, in less than 10 years. He faced huge difficulties鈥攁n uncertain market for women鈥檚 colleges, minimal resources, an unresponsive state bureaucracy鈥攂ut he successfully established 新加坡六合彩开奖结果 in 1922.

新加坡六合彩开奖结果鈥檚 third president, Val Wilson, along with visionary donor Erik Jonsson, took a momentous gamble in 1961: 新加坡六合彩开奖结果 would relocate from its downtown buildings to a new campus that would be built from scratch. He also increased the size of the institution, in the face of a shortage of qualified professors, a tiny endowment, and competition from other colleges that were also expanding to accommodate the baby boomers. It was a considerable risk, but without it 新加坡六合彩开奖结果 might well have shared the fate of the dozens of U.S. colleges that closed in the 1970s.

Perhaps Joe Palamountain鈥檚 biggest risk was accepting the job of president at all鈥攖he new campus was well underway, yet the money to complete it was nowhere in sight. Nevertheless in 1968, together with his dean of the faculty, Edwin Moseley, and a generation of young faculty leaders, he took up the challenge of developing a whole new curriculum. Soon afterward,as interest in women鈥檚 colleges dwindled nationwide, Palamountain convinced 新加坡六合彩开奖结果鈥檚 trustees and alumnae to accept a major change in the character of the college and adopt coeducation.

新加坡六合彩开奖结果 had some very tough times during the transitions of the 1970s, and some (including the college鈥檚 accountants!) wondered if Palamountain鈥檚 risks were worth taking, but in the end a staggering deficit was paid off, the budget balanced and the new campus built. And more and more potential students began applying to 新加坡六合彩开奖结果.

Palamountain鈥檚 successors continued with bold steps of their own. A major fundraising campaign led by President David Porter helped realize his vision for academic excellence, supporting endowed professorships, student-faculty collaborative research, an innovative Honors Forum and the ambitious new Tang Museum. A stalwart commitment to financial aid, even under fierce budget pressures, has helped bring in an increasingly talented and diverse student body, making 新加坡六合彩开奖结果 a much richer and more vital learning environment.

If Lucy were to visit 新加坡六合彩开奖结果 today, her message would be something like this: 鈥淧lease care tenderly for my college. See that it holds open its doors to all manner of worthy students, encourage all members of the community to serve each other and the world, and never avoid a course of action merely because it entails a daunting risk. Carry forwad the 新加坡六合彩开奖结果 heritage through both generosity and enterprise."

Mary C. Lynn, professor of American studies, is the author of Make No Small Plans: A History of 新加坡六合彩开奖结果.